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TECHNOLOGY 35
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The t-test results revealed that the physiological signal values of previous studies.
of the EKG and GSR in the resting state were significantly Higher arousal in the P300 component was observed
different from those while viewing the stimulus material. when viewing complex-formed chairs, suggesting that
The results of the physiological measurement showed that complex morphology can stimulate more P300 component

the interaction between form and colour and the chair form activity. Nevertheless, the experimental results showed
factor had significant effects on the SC signal of the GSR that morphology did not significantly affect the P300
without the AVHR of the EKG. amplitude.
Higher GSR values were observed for warm-coloured chairs Regarding the relationship between subjective response
in the complex form than for cool/neutral-coloured chairs in and GSR or EEG, the correlation was not significant, which
the simple form, consistent with previous research. Wilson is similar to the findings of other studies and may be due to
and Angela Sasse conducted five studies on the impact of small differences in signal fluctuations.
audio and video degradation and found a remarkable increase The participants’ sex had no significant impact on the
in SC and AVHR. degree of preference, including subjective and objective

Mandryk and Atkins found evidence of different physiological measurements in our study.
responses in the body when playing computer games and This means the degree of preference for the different
provided a method for evaluating user experiences with chairs was similar, regardless of the participant’s sex. Previous
entertainment technology using physiological responses. studies reached similar conclusions in other design fields.
Nevertheless, our results suggest a significant effect Djamasbi et al. examined whether sex preferences could
on GSR (SC signal) but not EKG (AVHR). The difference influence the recognition of specific information provided by
in colour and form might not be enough to influence the specific items on a webpage by collecting subjective data

EKG because viewing the stimuli was relatively quiet, not and users’ fixation information.
as active as watching videos, playing games, or listening to Their study did not show any notable differences between
music. However, the t-test results also illustrated that the the sexes. Additionally, Guo et al. found similar conclusions
visual stimulation of pictures still had some effect on the that sex did not affect eye movement indices that could reflect
EKG relative to the calm state. the product’s user experience.
The P300 wave is associated with an individual’s attentional Regarding the effect of the participants’ majors (design and
and memory processing of stimuli and can, therefore, be used non-design) on the preference level, the results of the data
to study several psychological processes, such as cognition analysis showed that the major influence of the specialty on
and decision-making. the subjective evaluation was significantly greater than that of

The P300 wave has also been associated with an individual’s numerous indicators, such as EKG, GSR, and EEG.
favour or disfavour of a particular stimulus in contexts involving Regardless of specialty, people have similar eye movements
preferences. The results revealed that the amplitude of the and physiological and neural feedback when viewing pictures
P300 component was significantly affected only by chair of chairs.
colour, which demonstrated that participants focused their However, their behavioural data (preference decisions
attention on stimuli of various colours. made) vary significantly owing to differences in educational
Participants had the highest P300 amplitude when viewing backgrounds that lead to varying knowledge about furniture

warm-toned chairs, followed by cool-toned chairs, and the aesthetics and design. FDM
lowest for neutral-toned ones, which aligns with the results ENQUIRY NO. 2101