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a significant difference on △EKG.
Additionally, the interaction between colour and form
for chairs showed no significant difference in △EKG (F (25,
35) = 0.972, p = 0.503 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.017). In the repeated-measures

ANOVA, the assumption of sphericity was not met (p < 0.001).
Similarly, after G-G correction, the data results indicated
significant differences among different participants (F (7.60,
39) = 4.658, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.112). However, the sex and
specialty of the participants showed no significant impact
on △EKG (F (7.60, 39) = 1.028, p = 0.414 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.027;
F (7.60, 39) = 1.055, p = 0.394 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.028).
For △GSR, the results of two-way ANOVA showed unusual
effects of different chairs (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, there were

Physiological Responses uncommon main effects of the form of chair (F (5, 35) = 2.293,
‘AVHR’ was chosen as the analysis indicator for EKG, which p = 0.043 < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.008) and interaction of form and colour
refers to the average number of heart beats per minute. The (F (25, 35) = 5.199, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.085), without the colour
heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute and is of chair (F (5, 35) = 0.989, p = 0.423 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.004).
typically expressed as beats per minute (BPM). The results of repeated measures ANOVA corrected by
The ‘SC signal’ refers to the skin conductance signal obtained G-G correction revealed significant effects of varied chairs (F
by measuring the changes in skin resistance. This signal is (2.61, 39) = 9.234, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.200), but without sex (F

associated with sweat secretion and provides physiological (2.61, 39) = 0.809, p = 0.477 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.021) or specialty (F
information about emotional and arousal states. (2.61, 39) = 0.473, p = 0.675 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.013).
The participants’ physiological responses were compared
between viewing the images and the rest. According to the ERP Results
paired t-test, the results indicated that the physiological The P300 amplitudes of the red, yellow, green, blue, white,
responses when watching chair pictures were significantly and black chairs were 0.406, 0.317, 0.178, 0.134, 0.054, and
higher than when they were at rest. 0.083 eV, respectively.
GSR and EKG represent the increments in skin conductance The P300 amplitudes of form 1–6 chairs were 0.211, 0.253,
and electrocardiogram relative to the baseline after receiving 0.364, 0.078, 0.080, and 0.111 eV, respectively.

picture stimuli. The amplitude of the P300 fluctuation changed in this
The results indicate that both △GSR and △EKG showed order: warm colours (−0.36 eV) > cool colours (−0.16 eV) > neutral
a trend of warm colours > cool colours > neutral colours and colours (−0.05 eV), complex forms (−0.39 eV) > simple forms
complex forms > simple forms. (−0.17 eV).
For EKG, the ANOVA results suggested no obvious The ANOVA analysis results suggested that there was
differences in each variable (p = 0.794 > 0.05). no significant effect on P300 amplitude, regardless of sex (F
The results of the two-way ANOVA revealed that the colour (3.01, 32) = 2.410, p = 0.126 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.188) or specialty (F

factor (F (5, 35) = 0.194, p = 0.965 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.001) and form (2.67, 32) = 1.207, p = 0.645 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.537).
(F (5, 35) = 0.534, p = 0.751 > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.002) did not exhibit Colour had a significant effect on P300 amplitude (F