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TECHNOLOGY 39
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initially pre-pressed on a hydraulic press (ZUP-NYSA PH- every test of mechanical and physical parameters, a minimum
1P125) at room temperature for 30 s under the maximum of 10 samples of each type of panel were used.
unit pressure of 0.9 MPa, then pressed in a hot (200 °C) Test specimens with dimensions of 50 mm by 50 mm
hydraulic press (AKE, Mariannelund, Sweden) with a press were used, and they were analysed using a Grecon DA-X

factor of 20 s mm−1 of the nominal thickness of the panel measuring device (Fagus-GreCon Greten GmbH & Co. KG,
under the maximum unit pressure of 2.5 MPa. Alfeld/Hannover, Germany) using direct X-ray densitometry
The pressing regime is presented. Before the tests, the scanning panel thickness in a 0.02 mm sample step to obtain
created boards were conditioned at 20 °C and 65 percent the density profile (DP).
ambient air humidity to achieve a constant mass, and all After analysing three samples of each test variant, a
samples were calibrated (sanded to the nominal thickness) representative density profile was chosen for each panel type
before testing. to be further analysed. Where possible, the selected results
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test calculations were were referenced to the European standard.
used to test for significant differences between factors and The emission of formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile

levels using the IBM SPSS statistic base (IBM, SPSS 20, organic compounds (TVOC) was measured on three samples
Armonk, NY, US). per tested panel. Three samples from the reference variant
A comparison of the means was performed, and the and the variants made entirely from recycled materials were
homogenous and non-homogenous groups were collected. used for this study.
Where applicable, the mean values of the investigated features
and the standard deviation indicated as error bars have been Fraction Share and Bulk Density
presented on the plots as error bars. The fractional composition of particles was shown from the

milling of white-painted and clear-painted window frames
Characterisation Of Elaborated Panels compared to particles conventionally used in the particleboard
The initial phase of the study involved the prepared window industry.
frames, with the determination of coating hardness carried
out according to ISO 1522 (2022) standards.
Subsequently, the window frames were processed to produce Remarkable Outdoor Living
wood particles. The resulting particles underwent testing for
bulk density and fractional composition via sieve analysis.
The following mechanical and physical characteristics

were assessed in this study using European standards (where
applicable): density, bending strength (modulus of rupture—
MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding (IB)
determined according to EN 319, screw withdrawal resistance
(SWR), and water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS)
after 2 and 24 h of immersion in water.
All mechanical properties were tested on a computer-

controlled universal testing machine (Research and Development
Centre for Wood-Based Panels Czarna Woda, Poland). For